This work allows us to answer on the evolutionary history of the Tunisian Ficus carica specie and its position within the genus Ficus. According to our results we notice that the Ficus carica species is among the oldest species of the genus that can be considered among the ancestral species. We also note the genetic proximity of Ficus carica and Ficus palmata, Ficus
carica and Ficus calyptrata and the two species (F. stenophylla and F. ischnopoda) and confirms their morphological similarities and theirs oldest. Observed haplotype richness is high and suggests that Tunisia has served as refuge area for the species during the Quaternary glacial episode, during which many species have disappeared and others have sought refuge in area
shelters. Comparative approaches, using the fig trees of different origins in the Mediterranean basin, seem to be necessary to better understand the early history of the species and its role in the current structure of the genetic diversity of F. carica L.